Subnanometer size uncapped quantum dots via electroporation of synthetic vesicles.

The very rapid, usually diffusion-controlled, self-aggregation of nascent molecules of semiconductors (MX) or metals (M) in solution represents an experimental challenge for arresting the growth of the particles at a desired size. Unfortunately, the typical remedy used, namely capping of the clusters with a protective coating, alters their intrinsic electronic and optical properties. An additional defect of capping's virtue is that it prevents the observation of further cluster growth--which is especially important in the subnanometer (molecular) size regime, where particle growth is associated with dramatic changes in structure, surface states, and transition energy. We have developed a novel method for the preparation of subnanometer size uncapped quantum dots, which also allows the monitoring of their growth up to several hundreds of nanometer in diameter. The essence of the method is the initial encapsulation of the metal ion (M(+)) in synthetic vesicles (liposomes) and the placement of the anion (X(-)) in the bulk solution. Exposure of the suspension to a rectangular pulse of a high-voltage homogenous electric field E of suitable intensity and duration causes the formation of transient pores in the vesicle's bilayer (electroporation). A fraction of the metal ions that are ejected through the pores react with the anions in the bulk, and the freshly created monomers (MX) adsorb on the exterior surface of the vesicle. On the vesicle surface, the self-aggregation is slowed down to the hour and day timescales which allows for convenient spectral monitoring of the growth of the clusters. The discussion will focus on the behavior of vesicles in an electric field, the mechanism of electroporation, and our experimental and density functional theoretical findings of previously unobserved, unusual spectroscopic properties of subnanometer size AgBr, CdS, PbS, ZnS and gold quantum dots.