Variational Quantum Eigensolver-Based Quantum Bootstrap Embedding for Molecules

Simulating strongly correlated molecular systems on near-term quantum hardware remains challenging due to modern hardware's limited quantum volume and moderate-fidelity qubits. One potential way to circumvent this challenge is through bootstrap embedding (BE). Bootstrap embedding breaks molecules into smaller fragments that are then embedded into the "bath" of other fragments in an iterative way. Bootstrap embedding is appealing for quantum simulation because fragmenting the system reduces the qubit requirements for any given fragment. In this work, we develop a quantum bootstrap embedding (QBE) workflow that uses variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) fragment solvers and study the algorithmic choices that determine the overall VQE-QBE algorithm's success. To improve efficiency, we introduce FastAdaptVQE, a sparse matrix-accelerated form of the adaptive variational quantum eigensolver (ADAPT-VQE) that replaces symbolic commutator evaluation with direct statevector linear algebra, and MatrixFreeAdaptVQE, a matrix-free extension that removes the sparse-matrix memory bottleneck that appears when treating larger fragments. We also modify the ADAPT-VQE operator selection step by replacing the purely greedy choice with a look-ahead strategy. Benchmarks on H₄ and F₂ reach chemical accuracy, within 1 kcal/mol of bootstrap embedding results using a full configuration interaction (FCI) solver. These results show that combining QBE with VQE can accurately calculate energies of molecular systems. This research lays the foundation for extending energy calculations to larger molecular systems and quantum materials on near-term quantum hardware.