MATBG Josephson diode as an universal thermal machine

Magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene Josephson junctions (MATBG-JJ) with a gate-tunable valley-polarized weak link exhibit an intrinsic Josephson diode effect originating from broken symmetries associated with valley polarization and band-structure anisotropy. Exploiting this nonreciprocal superconducting platform, we construct quantum Stirling (QSC), Otto (QOC), and Carnot (QCC) thermodynamic cycles, where the valley-polarization potential Δ_v acts as the principal control parameter, in contrast to conventional Josephson thermal machines driven by superconducting phase bias. We systematically compare the performance of MATBG-based Josephson diode thermal machines (MATBG-JDTM) with MATBG-based Josephson junction thermal machines (MATBG-JJTM) and AA-stacked bilayer graphene Josephson junction thermal machines (AABLG-JJTM). Owing to the flat-band-enhanced density of states and electrically tunable nonreciprocal transport in MATBG, both MATBG-JDTM and MATBG-JJTM exhibit significantly enhanced work output and efficiency over a broad operating regime compared to AABLG-JJTM. In particular, the gate-controlled MATBG-JDTM provides a flux-free alternative to conventional phase-driven architectures, mitigating limitations associated with magnetic-flux control and flux-noise effects. Our results establish MATBG Josephson diode platforms as a promising route toward electrically tunable quantum thermal machines and nonreciprocal superconducting caloritronics.