Scaling Quantum Computations via Gate Virtualization

We present the Quantum Virtual Machine (QVM), an end-to-end generic system for scalable execution of large quantum circuits with high fidelity on noisy and small quantum processors (QPUs) by leveraging gate virtualization. QVM exposes a virtual circuit intermediate representation (IR) that extends the notion of quantum circuits to incorporate gate virtualization. Based on the virtual circuit as our IR, we propose the QVM compiler - an extensible compiler infrastructure to transpile a virtual circuit through a series of modular optimization passes to produce a set of optimized circuit fragments. Lastly, these transpiled circuit fragments are executed on QPUs using our QVM runtime - a scalable and distributed infrastructure to virtualize and execute circuit fragments on a set of distributed QPUs. We evaluate QVM on IBM's 7- and 27-qubit QPUs. Our evaluation shows that using our system, we can scale the circuit sizes executable on QPUs up to double the size of the QPU while improving fidelity by 4.7times on average compared to larger QPUs and that we can effectively reduce circuit depths to only 40% of the original circuit depths.