Truncated-Binary Encoding: Spectral Degree Reduction of Combinatorial Optimization Problems for Quantum Hardware

Exact-binary encoding compiles a discrete cost function network (CFN) into a higher-order unconstrained binary optimization (HUBO) problem whose maximum monomial degree grows with the cardinalities of the underlying CFN variables. Given that quantum optimization hardware generally favours quadratic unconstrained binary optimization or low-degree HUBO Hamiltonians, high-cardinality CFNs therefore incur substantial overhead in the form of circuit depth, or ancilla qubits when degree-reduction techniques are employed. To ameliorate these issues, we propose truncated-binary encoding (TBE): a modification of exact-binary encoding in which Ising-basis monomials exceeding a chosen cutoff k_max are dropped from the encoded cost. We establish a tight L^infty bound on the truncation error in terms of the omitted couplings, derive sufficient conditions on the energy gap and on the single bit-flip basin barrier under which TBE preserves the global minimum and its local-minimum structure, and characterize a noise floor condition on the spectral profile under which the truncation residual acts as a perturbative correction to the underlying landscape. We then express the encoded coefficients directly as Walsh transforms of the underlying CFN cost tables, and prove a bound under which smoothness of each cost table implies rapid decay of its high-degree Walsh mass. Together these results yield a principled a priori criterion for selecting k_max and for judging whether a given CFN admits a small-k_max TBE.