From stacking to function: emergent states and quantum devices in 2D superconductor heterostructures

Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) superconductors provide a powerful building block for engineering emergent quantum states shaped by reduced dimensionality, enhanced quantum fluctuations, and interfacial symmetry breaking. In van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures, atomically sharp and lattice-mismatch-free interfaces enable superconductivity to be deliberately coupled with magnetism, spin–orbit interaction, and band topology, allowing collective electronic orders to be combined and reconfigured in ways unattainable in bulk materials. This Review summarizes recent advances in vdW heterostructures of 2D superconductors, focusing on superconductor/magnet (S/M), superconductor/topological material (S/T), and superconductor/superconductor (S/S) junctions. We discuss the microscopic mechanisms underlying proximity effects and highlight how interfacial exchange fields, spin–orbit coupling, and twist-controlled tunneling give rise to unconventional pairing, long-range spin-triplet supercurrents, nonreciprocal Josephson transport, and topological superconductivity potentially hosting Majorana bound states. Beyond their fundamental significance, the ability to controllably generate topological and nonreciprocal superconducting states positions 2D superconductor heterostructures as promising building blocks for emerging quantum technologies, including ultra-sensitive quantum sensing, programmable superconducting logic, and energy-efficient quantum and neuromorphic computing architectures. Looking forward, advances in materials synthesis, interface engineering, and device integration are expected to further expand the scope and functionality of 2D superconductor heterostructures, reinforcing their role as a central platform for exploring and controlling emergent quantum phases.