Characterization of Josephson Junction Aging and Annealing Under Different Environments

Understanding the aging behavior of Josephson junctions and the effect of annealing on junction resistances is important in building large-scale superconducting quantum processors. Here we study the effects of aging of Josephson junctions under different storage conditions from immediately after fabrication up to 2 to 3 months. We find that the aging curve follows a logarithmic curve, with the aging amplitude mainly determined by fabrication conditions and the aging speed determined by storage conditions. Junctions stored at ambient laboratory conditions aged faster compared to junctions stored in a nitrogen atmosphere or vacuum, with the aging speed appreciably changes when the storage condition changed. We also compared the effect of thermal annealing under nitrogen environment with annealing under ambient conditions up to 250^circ C. We find that under nitrogen environment, the resistances decreased at all temperatures tested, while under ambient environment the resistances increased at 200^circ C and decreased at 250^circ C instead. We were unable to decrease the resistance below the initial-time resistance, suggesting a lower limit on the range of resistance tuning.