Geometric characterization of non-Gaussian entanglement for finite stellar rank states

We introduce a general framework for the analysis of non-Gaussian entanglement in bosonic states of finite stellar rank. The central result is the full characterization of their entanglement structure through the atomic decomposition of their stellar polynomial and its associated structural graph, whose connected components determine the mode-intrinsic entanglement content of the state and all partitions compatible with passive separability. An essential ingredient in this construction is the concept of essential variables, which identify the minimal number of effective modes involved in a core state, in direct correspondence with the symplectic rank. This reduction provides the foundation for decomposing stellar polynomials into atomic factors and for revealing the underlying entanglement structure. Building on this, we derive complete separability criteria for two-mode states, expressed through hyperplane decompositions of zero sets, and for stellar-rank-2 states across arbitrary number of modes. Applications to several example states illustrate how the method isolates genuinely non-Gaussian resources and quantifies preparation complexity.