Biodistribution of Intravenously Transplanted Mitochondria Conjugated with Graphene Quantum Dots in Diabetic Rats.

Mitochondria transplantation has emerged as a successful therapeutic modality to treat several degenerative diseases. However, the biodistribution of transplanted mitochondria has not been well studied. We investigated the ex-vivo systemic biodistribution and therapeutic efficacy of intravenously transplanted graphene quantum dots (GQDs) conjugated to isolated mitochondria (Mt-GQDs) in diabetic rat tissues. The results revealed that Mt-GQDs facilitate the tracking of transplanted mitochondria without affecting their therapeutic efficacy. It is compelling to note that Mt-GQDs and isolated mitochondria show comparable therapeutic efficacies in decreasing blood glucose levels, oxidative stress, inflammatory gene expressions, and restoration of different mitochondrial functions in pancreatic tissues of diabetic rats. In addition, histological section examination under a fluorescence microscope demonstrated the localization of Mt-GQDs in multiple tissues of diabetic rats. In conclusion, this study indicates that Mt-GQDs provide an effective mitochondrial transplantation tracking modality.