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Paper 1

Scalable and Highly Fault-Tolerant Circular Quantum Byzantine Agreement

Chen-Xun Weng, Ming-Yang Li, Shi-Gen Li, Mengya Zhu, Xiao-Ran Sun, Hua-Lei Yin, Zeng-Bing Chen

Year

2026

Journal

arXiv preprint

DOI

arXiv:2602.11592

arXiv

2602.11592

Quantum Byzantine Agreement (QBA), a cornerstone of quantum blockchain, offers inherent advantages in security and fault tolerance over classical protocols, guaranteed by the laws of quantum mechanics. However, existing multiparty QBA protocols face challenges for large-scale deployment due to exponential communication complexity or reliance on complex multi-particle entanglement. To address this, we propose a multiparty circular QBA protocol that adopts a semi-decentralized architecture, leveraging circular message gathering and quantum digital signatures to achieve quadratic communication complexity and enhanced fault tolerance. Our protocol is experimentally feasible, requiring only weak coherent states, and is compatible with existing star-shaped quantum networks. Simulations conducted on a global satellite-to-ground network demonstrate that the protocol sustains high consensus rates among multiple users, even when employing different key generation protocols under realistic conditions. This work presents a scalable framework for large-scale QBA networks, establishing the foundation for a practical quantum blockchain that enables secure and fault-tolerant decentralized services.

Paper 2

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