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Paper 1

Onus and Quantum of Proof for Breaching the Standard of Procedure during the Movement Control Order

Mohamad Ismail Mohamad Yunus

Year

2021

Journal

Jurnal Undang-undang dan Masyarakat

DOI

10.17576/juum-2021-si-04

arXiv

-

The objective of this research paper is to highlight on the issues relating to the onus and quantum of proof for breaching the standard of procedure (SOP) during the movement control order (MCO) due to Pandemic Covid 19 in Malaysia. In tackling the issues, the research methodology applied by the author is by analysing and evaluating some decided cases, studying the substantive laws, regulations, and procedure in enforcing movement control order. The contemporary legal issues in this article are on whom the onus (burden) of proof lies and what is the quantum (standard) of proof required for the offence of breaching social distancing during the movement control order, be it conditional, restricted or recovery. The standard of procedure always changing based on the types of movement control order made by the Federal Government. In the New Straits Times dated 4 April 2021, it was reported that 17 publics were compounded for not practicing social distancing. Many questions raise as what is the real meaning of social distancing? In which type of offence, the social distancing offence lies on? What are the elements that will constitute the offence? As to the remedies, the author has submitted the nature of the offence for breaching the SOP during MCO. The expectation result of this paper is to give a clear picture as to the matter of standard of proof and burden of proof that to be considered by the trial court in deciding the issue of breaching SOP. The significance of this paper is to point out some contemporary identical legal issues relating to SOP during MCO. The issues will be highlighted in this article.

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Paper 2

Multi-system measurements in generalized probabilistic theories and their role in information processing

Giorgos Eftaxias, Mirjam Weilenmann, Roger Colbeck

Year

2022

Journal

arXiv preprint

DOI

arXiv:2209.04474

arXiv

2209.04474

Generalized probabilistic theories (GPTs) provide a framework in which a range of possible theories can be examined, including classical theory, quantum theory and those beyond. In general, enlarging the state space of a GPT leads to fewer possible measurements because the additional states give stronger constraints on the set of effects, the constituents of measurements. This can have implications for information processing. In boxworld, for example, a GPT in which any no-signalling distribution can be realised, there is no analogue of a measurement in the Bell basis and hence the analogue of entanglement swapping is impossible. A comprehensive study of measurements on multiple systems in boxworld has been lacking. Here we consider such measurements in detail, distinguishing those that can be performed by interacting with individual systems sequentially (termed wirings), and the more interesting set of those that cannot. We compute all the possible boxworld effects for cases with small numbers of inputs, outputs and parties, identifying those that are wirings. The large state space of boxworld leads to a small effect space and hence the effects of boxworld are widely applicable in GPTs. We also show some possible uses of non-wirings for information processing by studying state discrimination, nonlocality distillation and the boxworld analogue of nonlocality without entanglement. Finally, we connect our results to the study of logically consistent classical processes and to the composition of contextuality scenarios. By enhancing understanding of measurements in boxworld, our results could be useful in studies of possible underlying principles on which quantum theory can be based.

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