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Paper 1

Onus and Quantum of Proof for Breaching the Standard of Procedure during the Movement Control Order

Mohamad Ismail Mohamad Yunus

Year

2021

Journal

Jurnal Undang-undang dan Masyarakat

DOI

10.17576/juum-2021-si-04

arXiv

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The objective of this research paper is to highlight on the issues relating to the onus and quantum of proof for breaching the standard of procedure (SOP) during the movement control order (MCO) due to Pandemic Covid 19 in Malaysia. In tackling the issues, the research methodology applied by the author is by analysing and evaluating some decided cases, studying the substantive laws, regulations, and procedure in enforcing movement control order. The contemporary legal issues in this article are on whom the onus (burden) of proof lies and what is the quantum (standard) of proof required for the offence of breaching social distancing during the movement control order, be it conditional, restricted or recovery. The standard of procedure always changing based on the types of movement control order made by the Federal Government. In the New Straits Times dated 4 April 2021, it was reported that 17 publics were compounded for not practicing social distancing. Many questions raise as what is the real meaning of social distancing? In which type of offence, the social distancing offence lies on? What are the elements that will constitute the offence? As to the remedies, the author has submitted the nature of the offence for breaching the SOP during MCO. The expectation result of this paper is to give a clear picture as to the matter of standard of proof and burden of proof that to be considered by the trial court in deciding the issue of breaching SOP. The significance of this paper is to point out some contemporary identical legal issues relating to SOP during MCO. The issues will be highlighted in this article.

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Paper 2

Synergistic antenna-effect-driven multi-channel ratiometric wearable sensor for visual on-site detection and accurate discrimination of fluoroquinolone analogs.

Yin S, Chen X, Akhtar M

Year

2026

Journal

Food chemistry

DOI

10.1016/j.foodchem.2026.147884

arXiv

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The misuse and overuse of fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs) pose a global threat, driving the need for effective detection methods. This study developed a multi-channel ratiometric sensor by integrating cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QDs) and terbium-based coordination polymers for the detection and discrimination of FQs. The addition of enrofloxacin (ENR) triggers an antenna effect, enhancing green Tb(III) emission and reducing red CdTe QDs fluorescence, resulting in a distinct color change. Furthermore, a point-of-care testing system, comprising a smartphone detector and a wearable fingertip sensor, was constructed for rapid and real-time ENR detection, achieving high sensitivity with detection limits of 4.7 nM and 13.1 nM for spectrometer- and paper-based sensors, respectively. The practical applicability was demonstrated through satisfactory recoveries (91.7 %-110.7 %) in food samples, confirming its anti-interference capability. Finally, by expanding this platform into an array format, the sensor successfully differentiated ENR analogs, highlighting its broad potential for contaminant monitoring.

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