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Paper 1
Onus and Quantum of Proof for Breaching the Standard of Procedure during the Movement Control Order
Mohamad Ismail Mohamad Yunus
- Year
- 2021
- Journal
- Jurnal Undang-undang dan Masyarakat
- DOI
- 10.17576/juum-2021-si-04
- arXiv
- -
The objective of this research paper is to highlight on the issues relating to the onus and quantum of proof for breaching the standard of procedure (SOP) during the movement control order (MCO) due to Pandemic Covid 19 in Malaysia. In tackling the issues, the research methodology applied by the author is by analysing and evaluating some decided cases, studying the substantive laws, regulations, and procedure in enforcing movement control order. The contemporary legal issues in this article are on whom the onus (burden) of proof lies and what is the quantum (standard) of proof required for the offence of breaching social distancing during the movement control order, be it conditional, restricted or recovery. The standard of procedure always changing based on the types of movement control order made by the Federal Government. In the New Straits Times dated 4 April 2021, it was reported that 17 publics were compounded for not practicing social distancing. Many questions raise as what is the real meaning of social distancing? In which type of offence, the social distancing offence lies on? What are the elements that will constitute the offence? As to the remedies, the author has submitted the nature of the offence for breaching the SOP during MCO. The expectation result of this paper is to give a clear picture as to the matter of standard of proof and burden of proof that to be considered by the trial court in deciding the issue of breaching SOP. The significance of this paper is to point out some contemporary identical legal issues relating to SOP during MCO. The issues will be highlighted in this article.
Open paperPaper 2
Multi-scale investigation into the flaxseed oil emulsions stabilized by soybean protein isolate - (-)-epigallocatechin gallate covalent complexes: An "Interface thickening - Structure unfolding - Antioxidant reinforcement" cascade mechanism.
Li K, Xue Q, Elbarbary A, Wang Y, Cao M, Yu L, Raharjo S, Chang M, Liu R
- Year
- 2026
- Journal
- Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.foodres.2026.118456
- arXiv
- -
Plant protein-stabilized emulsions face challenges in physical and oxidative stability during storage, leading to a great limitation against the further application of these emulsions. The present study established a multiscale mechanism for enhancing flaxseed oil emulsion stability using soybean protein isolate (SPI) - (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) covalent complexes. Complexes fabricated at varying SPI:EGCG mass ratios (200:1 to 20:1) via alkaline pH-shifting exhibited dose-dependent improvements in emulsion physical and oxidative stability. Macro-scale assessments, via droplet size, ζ-potential, and lipid oxidation measurements, revealed that higher EGCG incorporation reduced droplet size, increased ζ-potential magnitude, and suppressed lipid oxidation. Meso-scale dissipative particle dynamics simulations demonstrated EGCG-mediated interfacial thickening and uniform oil-water distribution. Molecular analysis confirmed covalent CS thiol-quinone and CN Schiff base linkages between the o-quinone form of EGCG and Lys/Cys residues in SPI, inducing SPI unfolding (β-sheet to random coil transition) and reduced surface hydrophobicity. Quantum chemical calculations revealed a narrowed HOMO-LUMO gap in covalently bound EGCG, enhancing interfacial antioxidant capacity. The stabilization cascade mechanism followed "Interface thickening - Structure unfolding - Antioxidant reinforcement" across scales. This work provides mechanistic insights for designing protein-polyphenol complexes and the wider application such as bioactive delivery and development of multiple products using emulsions stabilized by these complexes.
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