Compare Papers
Paper 1
Onus and Quantum of Proof for Breaching the Standard of Procedure during the Movement Control Order
Mohamad Ismail Mohamad Yunus
- Year
- 2021
- Journal
- Jurnal Undang-undang dan Masyarakat
- DOI
- 10.17576/juum-2021-si-04
- arXiv
- -
The objective of this research paper is to highlight on the issues relating to the onus and quantum of proof for breaching the standard of procedure (SOP) during the movement control order (MCO) due to Pandemic Covid 19 in Malaysia. In tackling the issues, the research methodology applied by the author is by analysing and evaluating some decided cases, studying the substantive laws, regulations, and procedure in enforcing movement control order. The contemporary legal issues in this article are on whom the onus (burden) of proof lies and what is the quantum (standard) of proof required for the offence of breaching social distancing during the movement control order, be it conditional, restricted or recovery. The standard of procedure always changing based on the types of movement control order made by the Federal Government. In the New Straits Times dated 4 April 2021, it was reported that 17 publics were compounded for not practicing social distancing. Many questions raise as what is the real meaning of social distancing? In which type of offence, the social distancing offence lies on? What are the elements that will constitute the offence? As to the remedies, the author has submitted the nature of the offence for breaching the SOP during MCO. The expectation result of this paper is to give a clear picture as to the matter of standard of proof and burden of proof that to be considered by the trial court in deciding the issue of breaching SOP. The significance of this paper is to point out some contemporary identical legal issues relating to SOP during MCO. The issues will be highlighted in this article.
Open paperPaper 2
Enzyme and biosurfactant production as strategy for bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate degradation by Fusarium culmorum: Metabolic pathway proposal using quantum chemical investigation.
Hernández-Sánchez B, Santacruz-Juárez E, Figueroa-Martínez F, González-Pérez M, González-Márquez A, Castañeda-Antonio D, Portillo-Reyes R, Viniegra-González G, Sánchez C
- Year
- 2026
- Journal
- Fungal biology
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.funbio.2026.101719
- arXiv
- -
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate is a globally used plastic additive that can exhibit toxic effects on environmental and human health. In this study, Fusarium culmorum was grown on BEHP (3000 mg/L), used as a sole carbon source, in liquid fermentation. A glucose medium was used as a control. Growth kinetics, protein content, and esterase activity were determined. BEHP biodegradation compounds were detected through GC-MS, and a metabolic pathway was proposed using quantum chemical modeling to predict the stability of the generated products. F. culmorum had a μ value 1.6-fold more in the control medium (0.032 h) than in the BEHP-supplemented medium (0.02 h). The maximum volumetric esterase activity was 63-fold more in the BEHP-supplemented cultures (6007.5 U/L) than that in the control cultures (95.7 U/L). Five (28.4, 34.5, 47.9, 84, and 178.2 kDa approx.) and two (33 and 49.5 kDa approx.) esterase isoenzymes were detected in BEHP-supplemented and in the control cultures, respectively, indicating that the BEHP supplementation significantly induced esterase production. The GC-MS revealed that F. culmorum degraded BEHP and synthesized compounds, including oleic acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, and palmitoleic acid, that can be converted into natural surfactants, which make the substrate bioavailable (through micelles formation) for uptake and metabolism. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study suggesting a microorganism-mediated degradation of a plasticizer (i.e. phthalate ester) associated with a concomitant natural surfactant production.
Open paper