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Paper 1
Onus and Quantum of Proof for Breaching the Standard of Procedure during the Movement Control Order
Mohamad Ismail Mohamad Yunus
- Year
- 2021
- Journal
- Jurnal Undang-undang dan Masyarakat
- DOI
- 10.17576/juum-2021-si-04
- arXiv
- -
The objective of this research paper is to highlight on the issues relating to the onus and quantum of proof for breaching the standard of procedure (SOP) during the movement control order (MCO) due to Pandemic Covid 19 in Malaysia. In tackling the issues, the research methodology applied by the author is by analysing and evaluating some decided cases, studying the substantive laws, regulations, and procedure in enforcing movement control order. The contemporary legal issues in this article are on whom the onus (burden) of proof lies and what is the quantum (standard) of proof required for the offence of breaching social distancing during the movement control order, be it conditional, restricted or recovery. The standard of procedure always changing based on the types of movement control order made by the Federal Government. In the New Straits Times dated 4 April 2021, it was reported that 17 publics were compounded for not practicing social distancing. Many questions raise as what is the real meaning of social distancing? In which type of offence, the social distancing offence lies on? What are the elements that will constitute the offence? As to the remedies, the author has submitted the nature of the offence for breaching the SOP during MCO. The expectation result of this paper is to give a clear picture as to the matter of standard of proof and burden of proof that to be considered by the trial court in deciding the issue of breaching SOP. The significance of this paper is to point out some contemporary identical legal issues relating to SOP during MCO. The issues will be highlighted in this article.
Open paperPaper 2
A dual-mode sensing platform based on bifunctional iron-doped carbon dots for sarcosine detection.
Wang L, Liu W, Wang S, Qiu D, Zhang G, Zhao Y
- Year
- 2026
- Journal
- Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.saa.2026.127542
- arXiv
- -
Sarcosine (SA) serves as a crucial biomarker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer, and its concentration in the body fluids of patients is strongly correlated with disease progression. Therefore, it is highly significant to develop a sensitive method for SA detection. In this study, iron-doped carbon dots (Fe-CDs) exhibiting peroxidase-like activity and bright yellow-green fluorescence were synthesized. A dual-mode sensing platform for the detection of SA was subsequently constructed based on the as-prepared Fe-CDs. Under the catalysis of sarcosine oxidase, SA underwent an oxidative reaction with molecular oxygen to produce formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide (HO). The HO was then decomposed by Fe-CDs with peroxidase-like activity, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), which subsequently oxidized the colorless substrate N, N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine sulfate (DPD) into pink-colored oxidized DPD (oxDPD). The resulting oxDPD displayed characteristic absorption peaks at 512 nm and 551 nm and concurrently quenched the fluorescence of Fe-CDs at 525 nm via fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Consequently, sensitive and quantitative detection of SA can be achieved by monitoring the reduction in fluorescence intensity and the corresponding increase in absorbance. This method demonstrates a detection limit of 0.023 μM and a linear range of 0.05-120 μM in the fluorescence mode, and a detection limit of 0.17 μM with a linear range of 1-50 μM in the colorimetric mode. Furthermore, this sensing platform was successfully applied to the quantitative detection of SA in human urine samples, with spiked recovery rates of 96.0%-109.2% for fluorescence and 91.0%-107.4% for colorimetry, highlighting its considerable potential for applications in disease diagnosis.
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