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Paper 1

Kardashev scale Quantum Computing for Bitcoin Mining

Pierre-Luc Dallaire-Demers

Year

2026

Journal

arXiv preprint

DOI

arXiv:2603.25519

arXiv

2603.25519

Bitcoin already faces a quantum threat through Shor attacks on elliptic-curve signatures. This paper isolates the other component that public discussion often conflates with it: mining. Grover's algorithm halves the exponent of brute-force search, promising a quadratic edge to any quantum miner of Bitcoin. Exactly how large that edge grows depends on fault-tolerant hardware. No prior study has costed that hardware end to end. We build an open-source estimator that sweeps the full attack surface: reversible oracles for double-SHA-256 mining and RIPEMD-based address preimages, surface-code factory sizing, fleet logistics under Nakamoto-consensus timing, and Kardashev-scale energy accounting. A parametric sweep over difficulty bits b, runtime caps, and target success probabilities reveals a sharp transition. At the most favourable partial-preimage setting (b = 32, 2^224 marked states), a superconducting surface-code fleet still requires about 10^8 physical qubits and about 10^4 MW. That load is comparable to a large national grid. Tightening to Bitcoin's January 2025 mainnet difficulty (b about 79) explodes the bill to about 10^23 qubits and about 10^25 W, approaching the Kardashev Type II threshold. These numbers settle a narrower question than "Is Bitcoin quantum-secure?" Once Grover mining is lifted from asymptotic query counts to fault-tolerant physical cost, practical quantum mining collapses under oracle, distillation, and fleet overhead. To push mining into non-trivial consensus effects, one must invoke astronomical quantum fleets operating at energy scales that lie far above present-day civilization.

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Paper 2

Hyperplane-Symmetric Static Einstein-Dirac Spacetime

John Schliemann, Tim Sonnleitner

Year

2024

Journal

arXiv preprint

DOI

arXiv:2410.04582

arXiv

2410.04582

We derive the general solution to the coupled Einstein and Dirac field equations in static and hyperplane-symmetric spacetime of arbitrary dimension including a cosmological constant of either sign. As a result, only a massful Dirac field couples via the Einstein equations to spacetime, and in the massless case the Dirac field is required to fulfill appropriate constraints in order to eliminate off-diagonal components of the energy-momentum tensor. We also give explicit expressions for curvature invariants including the Ricci scalar and the Kretschmann scalar, indicating physical singularities. Moreover, we reduce the general solution of the geodesic equation to quadratures.

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