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Paper 1

SNG-Based Real-Time Plasma Control System: From Operator Calculus to Hardware Implementation

Durhan Yazir

Year: 2026
Journal: Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18988234
arXiv: -

Controlling a fusion plasma is like trying to balance a spinning top inside a hurricane—while the top is millions of degrees hot and the hurricane is magnetic. Instabilities can tear the plasma apart in milliseconds, ending the reaction. For decades, we've been flying blind, reacting too slowly. Now, imagine giving the tokamak a brain—a super-fast co-processor that senses what's happening and reacts in microseconds, not milliseconds. This brain doesn't just follow pre-programmed rules; it understands the plasma through four simple mathematical operators derived from Spectral Nod Theory. What are these operators? Think of them as instincts: · One senses turbulence and dampens it before it grows. · One watches the density and gently resets it if it gets too high, preventing a collapse. · One skips the Coulomb barrier—the fundamental obstacle to fusion—by leveraging collective plasma effects to boost reactivity by up to 3.4×. · One detects instabilities like ELMs and reverses them in microseconds. We've designed a complete hardware-software system to bring these instincts to life. On the hardware side, an FPGA-based co-processor (like a specialized graphics card) sits alongside the tokamak's existing control computer, processing sensor data in under microseconds—fast enough to catch instabilities before they destroy the plasma. On the software side, a "digital twin" simulates the entire tokamak, allowing us to optimize the operators offline and even predict future behavior during experiments. The system is designed to plug into existing tokamaks like China's EAST and America's DIII-D, giving them an "upgrade kit" that could dramatically improve performance. We've estimated resource requirements, validated against current technology (FPGA-based machine learning already runs at 4.4 microseconds on DIII-D), and laid out a phased deployment roadmap. This isn't just theory—it's a blueprint for building the world's first quantum-inspired plasma operating system. The operators that dance at the Planck scale may soon dance through silicon, bringing us one step closer to practical fusion energy.

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Paper 2

Overcoming the Trade-Off between Initial Coulombic Efficiency and Rate Performance in Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium-Ion Storage.

Li Z, Gao Y, Luo W, Xu Z, Wu J, Wang Y, Zhang K, Chen R, Lu Z, Wang HL

Year: 2026
Journal: ACS nano
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5c17936
arXiv: -

Hard carbon (HC) has emerged as a promising anode for sodium-ion batteries owing to its low-voltage plateau and cost-effectiveness. However, HC anodes still suffer from a performance trade-off between the initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and rate capability. To address this issue, we propose a scalable synthesis method, the melt-spinning technique (kilogram scale) with a hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) cross-linking-oxidation strategy, to multidimensionally regulate the structure of phenolic resin-derived hard carbon (CPF-1400) as high-performance anodes. Experimental studies demonstrate that the spatially cross-linked precursor with methylene bridge (-CH-) and rich carbonyl groups (C═O) effectively suppresses excessive graphitization (even at 1400 °C) and enlarges the spacing of carbon interlayers from 0.367 to 0.381 nm. Additionally, it enables the reduction of the specific surface area to merely 1.4 m g and generates abundant and suitable-sized closed pores (0.315 cm g, 1.26 nm) for CPF-1400. Therefore, CPF-1400 delivers an exceptional reversible sodium storage capacity of 431 mAh g with an unprecedentedly high ICE of 95%. Notably, it also retains a rate capability of 308 mAh g at 1 A g, and it achieves a high energy density of 293 Wh kg assembled in full cells. Electrochemical analyses combined with in situ characterizations demonstrate a three-stage sodium storage mechanism in hard carbon and elucidate the correlation between the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) and battery performance.

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